ORLANDO, FL, March 21, 2018 — Published through the Laser Institute of America (LIA), renowned author Dr. Kay Ball has revised her book, Lasers – The Perioperative Challenge, to provide updated laser technology information to healthcare professionals. This is the fourth edition; the first was published in 1990, and Dr. Ball notes that much has evolved in the laser world since then.
“Dr. Ball’s book is an excellent read for medical personnel who are new to the use of lasers in medicine and wish to get a comprehensive understanding of lasers used in surgery and other areas outside of the OR. The book is written with the reader in mind and the information is easily understood,” said Gus Anibarro, LIA’s Education Director.
While writing this edition of her book, Dr. Ball focused on evidence from research and published articles on laser procedure applications and outcomes. Since she also travels the world to present laser technology, she included personal clinical experience and addressed common questions she receives from practitioners worldwide.
“Lasers: The Perioperative Challenge takes a complex technology and simplifies it for ready access by nurses, physicians, risk managers, and other healthcare providers. It offers valuable information on how to apply current standards and guidelines for a laser-safe environment,” said Dr. Ball. “I updated the book because there’s such a lack of comprehensive books on the market that address all aspects of laser technology in healthcare.”
The book highlights laser research and applications while incorporating current laser standards and guidelines. Sample laser safety policies provide templates for writing policies and procedures for the clinical environment.
“Everyone needs a really good reference or resource—especially if you’re just beginning your laser services,” said Vangie Dennis, who helped review the book and is the Executive Director of Perioperative Services for WellStar Atlanta Medical Center and Atlanta Medical Center South located in the metropolitan area of Atlanta. “It’s a really great product. It’s the ‘Alexander’ of the operating room—except for lasers.”
Within its 410 pages, the book contains more than 300 illustrations and graphics that are intended to deepen the reader’s understanding of foundational physics, safety, and administrative aspects. There is also an extensive glossary that offers an easy reference for laser terminology.
“As new procedures are introduced and accepted, laser safety is the strong foundation upon which practices are based. When safety is the primary cog in the wheel of laser applications, successful outcomes can be evidenced to validate practice changes. Laser technology continues to advance and mature as safe practices are demonstrated while patients benefit,” said Dr. Ball in the preface of her book.
The 18 chapters are broken up into three sections: “Laser Biophysics, Systems, and Safety,” “Clinical Laser Applications,” and “Administrative Aspects of a Laser Program.”
The cost of the book is $80 for LIA members and $90 for non-members.
“This book is a ‘must’ for all professionals participating in laser surgery and therapy,” said Dr. Ball.
It can be purchased at www.lia.org/store/product/241.
About Laser Institute of America
Laser Institute of America (LIA) is the professional society for laser applications and safety serving the industrial, educational, medical, research and government communities throughout the world since 1968. http://www.lia.org, 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Ste 128, Orlando, FL 32826, +1.407.380.1553.
ORLANDO, FL (March 19, 2018) – The Laser Institute of America is excited to announce that the 2018 Lasers for Manufacturing Event® (LME®) will be held at the Schaumburg Convention Center in Schaumburg, Illinois March 28-29. This year will be the first time the event will be co-located with the Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM®) Conference, which takes place March 27-28.
LME offers an opportunity for anyone interested in using lasers in manufacturing to learn more about commercial applications and interact with companies that offer laser manufacturing solutions.
The event will feature about 60 exhibitors, including Amplitude, Ekspla, Light Conversion, Lumentum, SPI, Alabama Lasers, GF Machining Solutions, Hass Laser technologies, Lasea, Kentek, LPW Technology, and Powder Alloy Corporation.
LME is made possible by generous sponsors Han’s Laser, IPG Photonics, Laser Mechanisms and Trumpf. All four companies will have exhibit booths attendees can visit to learn more about the laser manufacturing solutions they provide.
On day one, keynote speaker Ron D. Schaeffer, a technical consultant for PhotoMachining, will give an overview on the industrial laser market, and host a tutorial on current trends in laser micromachining.
On the second day, Dr. Geoff Shannon from Amada Miyachi America will give his keynote address on lasers used for medical device manufacturing, and David Havrilla of Trumpf will present a tutorial on Laser Welding Techniques and Applications.
Throughout both days of the event, industry experts will host an ongoing series of laser introductory courses on the exhibit floor that will cover topics such as laser sources, beam delivery systems, laser safety, laser marking, laser cleaning, laser cutting, laser welding, laser cladding and optics.
An “Ask the Experts” booth will also be open both days on the exhibit floor. Organized by Directed Light Inc. President Neil Ball, this booth will have laser industry experts ready to help supply attendees with all the information they need to increase profits and efficiency and expand their businesses.
After gaining a world-class laser education from the exhibitors and experts, attendees can enjoy live laser demonstrations, tour the TRUMPF smart factory, and relax and mingle during the complimentary ice cream social and drink reception. All LME attendees will also be entered in a giveaway.
For more information, and to register for the event, visit www.laserevent.org.
About LIA
The Laser Institute of America (LIA) is the professional society for laser applications and safety serving the industrial, educational, medical, research and government communities throughout the world since 1968. www.lia.org, 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128, Orlando, FL 32826, +1.407.380.1553.
Design Guidelines for Laser Metal Deposition of Lightweight Structures
By Ake Ewald and Josef Schlattmann
Introduction
Weight critical applications, like parts in the aerospace industry, are driven by lightweight design. Titanium alloys have great potential in lightweight design of structural parts due to their excellent specific mechanical properties. Today, structural parts are manufactured in conventional milling processes. Titanium parts are characterized by poor milling behaviour as well as high material waste rates up to 95 % [1]. The Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is a layer-wise manufacturing process for the production of three-dimensional complex parts [2].
LMD builds parts based on a nozzle-fed powder, which is solidified by a laser. The process can be used for surface cladding, repair and build-up of parts. For an effective industrial application, it is necessary to identify all advantages and disadvantages. A lowering of the introduction barrier can be achieved by design guidelines helping the engineer early in the product development. With LMD like Selective Laser Melting (SLM), existing manufacturing guidelines cannot be simply adopted. Due to the complex process constraints, a design guideline for LMD has been established.
Complex parts often share simple geometries as a basis. These shapes were identified and used to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of LMD. Following established lightweight design guidelines, the presented guideline focuses on fine structures. In addition to the manufacturability, the building accuracy and the surface roughness have been investigated, since both have a significant influence on the product quality and the necessity of post processing towards the final shape of a part.
Investigation of process constraints
The investigations are performed with a Trumpf TruDisk 6001 multi-mode continuous wave disk laser with a laser power of 6 kW at a wavelength of 1.03 µm. A three nozzle processing head is used with a rotational table feeder (Fig. 1). The used Ti-6Al-4V powder is spherical and sieved to a fraction less than 80 µm.
Figure 1 Robot cell (TruLaserRobot).
Three different building strategies have been identified in a preliminary design guideline by Möller et al., 2016 [3]. Figure 2 shows the different building strategies. In S1 an inclination is achieved by a stepwise offset (a) between the layers (α = β = 0°). S2 rotates the platform to reach the inclination. The structure is manufactured vertically without an offset between the layers. S3 rotates the machine head to the inclination angle of the structure. The structure can be manufactured without an offset. Besides the three single building strategies, combinations of these are possible, which are not considered at this point. The preliminary guideline published by Möller et al. (2016) showed a high potential in the degree of freedom of building strategy S2 and S3 [3]. For this reason, these strategies were further investigated.
Figure 2 S1: horizontal offset between layer, S2: rotation of platform, S3: rotation of machine head
The mentioned fine structures have been classified as thin walls, curved walls, congregating and aggregating structures. The width of the manufactured structures has been set to a single layer width. The length has been set to 50 mm.
Thin Walls
The build-up of inclined thin walls has been made to investigate
the connection towards the platform,
the influence of the gravitation,
the building accuracy and
the influence on the wall surface.
Both strategies produce a constant and comparable wall thickness under (see Fig.3). It varies due to the surface roughness of about 150 µm. The variation of the measured angle is less than 1°.
Figure 3 Measured wall thickness of the inclined walls manufactured with S2 and S3.
The surface quality of a part has an influence on the appearance, the buy to fly ratio in case of a post processing, and the fatigue strength. The mean values of the surface roughness remain constant with rising inclination angles. The surface roughness of S3 is about 15 µm higher than with S2.
Curved Walls
Curved walls can vary in radius and angle. Curved walls can be divided into curves with their rotational axis parallel, and perpendicular to the building direction (z-axis, Fig. 4). The vertical built up of the curved walls with different radii can be seen in fig. 5.
Figure 4 Sketch of curved elements perpendicular (a) to the building direction and (b) parallel to the building direction.
Figure 5 Set of manufactured parallel curved elements with radius of 0 mm (left) to 30 mm (right).
The radii of the built walls are 0.15 mm to 0.4 mm smaller than expected. An intended vertical edge (radius of 0 mm) produces an outer radius of 3.58 mm. Without post processing, edges should be designed to allow a radius up to the layer width. The radius independent deviation allows the manufacturing in reproducible tolerance fields.
Congregating and Dividing Structures
The separation in congregating and dividing structures is based on the necessity of different manufacturing strategies and constraints in LMD (Fig. 6).
Figure 6 Sketch of the three defined congregating and dividing structures with building direction in z: (a) Y-branch, (b) overhang and (c) reversed Y-branch.
The manufacturing of regular and reversed Y-branches was realised by using S3. To achieve good results, binding on alternating branch sides is recommended (Fig. 7).
Figure 7 Sketch of the Y-branch (above), manufactured Y-branches with the angles β1 = β2 = 30° and β1 = β2 = 45° (below).
Additionally, overhangs were built on the manufactured vertical wall (Fig. 8) to evaluate
the connection between a thin rough wall and a manufactured wall,
the building accuracy, and
the boundary constraints.
The measured angles of the overhangs have an angle deviation of less than 1° up to a manufacturing angle square to the gravity (Tab. 1). This is comparable to the inclined walls. Overhangs show that overhangs with the same or smaller width can be manufactured on thin walls.
Figure 8 Manufactured overhangs with inclination angles from 30° to 90°.
Table 1 Measured inclination angles of the manufactured overhangs. The guidelines derived from the experimental investigation have been collected in a design catalogue according to the VDI 2222 in extracts shown in the figure 9.
Figure 9 Detail from the established design catalogue
Conclusion and Outlook
LMD offers a high degree of freedom in the design of parts. Lightweight parts can benefit from this flexibility. An industrial application can be achieved by design guidelines helping engineers to take the advantages and disadvantages of the LMD process into account during the design process.
The experimental investigation points out that structures based on the basic shapes are producible with constant geometric and surface tolerances, which allows reliable final machining. This is the basis for a successful design process. The building strategy S2 and S3 can be applied. The comparable results of S2 and S3 allow to choose the better fitting strategy for a specific use case.
By focusing on lightweight application, the following aspects have been achieved:
Investigation and manufacturing of basic shapes
Determination of process constraints
Draft of a design guideline.
The developed design catalogue builds a first step towards a comprehensive design guideline for LMD.
M.Sc. Ake Ewald has been a research assistant in the workgroup System Technologies and Engineering Design Methodology at the Hamburg University of Technology since 2013. He works in the methodical product development where he researches the methodical design of hybrid manufactured structural parts using LMD.
Josef Schlattmann is Univ.-Professor at the Hamburg University of Technology. He leads the workgroup System Technologies and Engineering Design Methodology.
References
[1] Allen, J. (2006) An Investigation into the Comparative Costs of Additive Manufacture vs. Machine from Solid for Aero Engine Parts, Rolls-Royce PLC Derby, UK.
[2] Ravi, G.A., Hao, X.J., Wain, N., Wu, X., Attallah, M.M. (2013) Direct laser fabrication of three dimensional components using SC420 stainless steel, Materials & Design, Vol. 47, 731-736.
[3] Möller, M., Baramsky, N., Ewald, A., Emmelmann, C., Schlattmann, J., (2016) Evolutionary-based Design and Control of Geometry Aims for AMD-manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V Parts, Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering 9 International Conference on Photonic Technologies Proceedings of the LANE 2016, S. 733–742, DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.075.
The laser market is booming! While the U.S. economy in general is on a tear with the stock markets at record highs, the laser industry in particular is showing better financial numbers than the overall economy. The total laser market was up approximately 20% in 2017 relative to 2016, making it one of the best years in the history of the laser industry, and it appears that 2018 could show just as much growth.
The laser market is growing due to manufacturers discovering the use of lasers to improve their processes. Don’t be left behind by your competitors. Attend the Lasers for Manufacturing Event® (LME®) to learn more about laser applications for manufacturing.
LME was conceived seven years ago as a venue to introduce commercial laser applications to a wider audience. LME 2018 will take place on March 28–29 at the Schaumburg Convention Center in Schaumburg, Illinois. Two other two-day conferences, Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM®) 2018 and DigiFab Con 2018, will be co-located with LME. Registration to either conference will include admittance to LME.
LME is small enough that attendees can have personal contact with laser industry decision makers, yet big enough to attract a number of reputable exhibitors and industry icons. In addition to the exhibitor booths on the show floor, there will be technical talks and classes intended to promote the laser industry and to educate.
Why attend LME?
Interact with laser industry experts.
Find out if lasers can help with your manufacturing problems.
Network not only with the exhibitors but other attendees as well.
Sign up for the local field trip to Trumpf’s new Smart Manufacturing Facility. Opened in 2017, the facility features digitally connected production solutions for the sheet metal process chain.
Find a job in the photonics industry – even though this is a manufacturing event, it serves as a good venue for recent graduates because it is inexpensive and gives a lot of bang for the buck.
Increase the bottom line by increasing profits!
Program/Agenda
Keynote Speakers
One of the keynote addresses will be made by Dr. Geoff Shannon from Amada Miyachi discussing lasers for medical device manufacturing (Day Two from 2:15–2:45pm). Henrikki Pantsar from Trumpf Inc. will speak about lasers in heavy manufacturing (Day One at 2:00–2:30pm).
Tutorials
On Day One, I will be giving a tutorial on Current Trends in Laser Micromachining from 8:30 -10:00am. This course will present information on precision laser subtractive manufacturing using mostly UV and USP (Ultra Short Pulse) lasers. On Day Two, a tutorial will be given by David Havrilla from Trumpf on Laser Welding Techniques and Applications. Trumpf is an industry leader in the field of not only laser welding and material removal, but they also have a very large non-laser presence in the manufacturing industry. This course dovetails perfectly with the proposed visit to the local Trumpf facility. These tutorials are free to attendees.
Lasers 101 and 102
These talks provide basic information on many aspects of laser technology. They start at about 10:15am each day and go until the end of the day. The topics will cover laser sources, beam delivery systems, laser safety, laser marking, laser cleaning, laser cutting, laser welding, laser cladding and optics. These short presentations are given by many industry icons, and these presenters are generally available to not only answer questions but to meet informally afterward.
The best part about the 101/102 talks is that they are given on the floor of the exhibition, so there is no need to leave the exhibit floor to attend these talks. In the past, most of these presentations have drawn a standing-room-only crowd.
Ask the Experts
Another extremely useful tool is the “Ask the Experts” booth, also located on the show floor. Spearheaded by industry veteran Neil Ball, this booth will be staffed by various laser experts and will be open for business throughout both days. The format is quite informal, and if the experts cannot answer your questions, they can usually direct you to someone in the hall who can.
Sponsors
It would be impossible to hold these conferences without the sponsorship of our corporate members. The generous sponsors of LME are IPG Photonics, Laser Mechanisms and Trumpf, all recognizable names in the laser industry.
IPG manufactures laser sources and a standard array of laser machining systems and has held to the proposition of driving laser costs continually lower by revenue growth, volume growth and vertical integration.
Laser Mechanisms provides beam delivery components to customers all over the world and is recognized as an innovator in the field of beam delivery.
Trumpf manufactures laser sources, as well as components and industrial machining systems, and has been active in the industry for many years promoting the cutting edge applications.
Exhibitors
At the time of this writing, there are almost 50 exhibitors registered. These exhibitors range from companies providing laser sources (Amplitude, Ekspla, Light Conversion, Lumentum and SPI, for example) to companies that provide a complete industrial laser system (Alabama Lasers, GF Machining Solutions, Haas Laser Technologies and Lasea). In addition, there are a number of optics and components companies to round out everything in between the laser source and the work piece. A number of companies involved in laser safety will be exhibiting, such as longtime LIA supporter Kentek. There will also be some exhibitors in the field of Laser Additive Manufacturing at LME, including companies like Trumpf, Alabama Laser, LPW Technology and Powder Alloy Corporation.
As with the sponsors, without the participation of these exhibitors, this exhibit would not be possible. There is not enough space to recognize each of these exhibitors in this article, but each and every one is a valuable contributor to the overall success of the event.
What’s New in 2018?
Perhaps the most exciting new opportunity is the interaction of LAM and LME, which previously were completely separate conferences.
Digifab Con has also never before been held in conjunction with LME. Produced by Fab Lab Hub, this program will explore how digital fabrication – like 3D printing, laser cutting and CAD – is changing the world. Attendees will see exciting technologies like 3D printing, laser cutting, robotics and artificial intelligence and will have the opportunity to meet with visionaries, educators and innovators. Learn how anyone can use digital fabrication to bring new ideas to life and change the world!
Registration is now open! For more information and to register, visit www.laserevent.org.
Ron D. Schaeffer is a technical consultant to PhotoMachining.
INCREASE YOUR ODDS OF SUCCESS AT LAM AND LME 2018
Here are a few tips that may help make your visit a success.
If possible, come with specific questions prepared in advance. If the project is still new, that is fine too, as general knowledge is still very useful especially in the first stage of many planned projects.
Take advantage of the Keynotes, courses, classes, talks, etc.
Take time to talk to ALL of the interesting vendors, even if you have come to the conference for a specific visit or meeting. There is a lot of information available – be a sponge!
Stay at the event hotel if possible as most of the laser vendors and sponsors will be staying there, and this is a perfect venue for less formal interactions – in other words you can grab someone in the hallways, restaurants or bar and get to know them. People do business with people!
Meet the LIA staff and LIA’s new Executive Director Nat Quick. These people are very smart and experienced and know a LOT of people, so they can connect you to the contacts you need. Plus, they are a bunch of good folks who you want to get to know regardless.
Join the Laser Institute of America as a member and receive all of the member benefits. Also, if you really want to get into the technical detail, consider attending our flagship conference, ICALEO, in the Fall.
Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) is one of the most exciting potential growth areas for the laser industry. The market has been watched for a few years and every year there are gains in the revenue generated by this market segment, but so far the revenue curve has not started rising dramatically. This can be viewed as both good news and bad news. The “bad” news is that the market has not exploded…yet! According to Alan Nogee from Strategies Unlimited, the industry can be broken down as follows:
• Stereolithography – Reasonable growth but the industry depends on more non-laser solutions.
• Laser Sintering (DMLS/SLS) – This area is growing strongly. There are two main application areas – plastics and metals. Plastics suffer from the availability of a variety of materials and usually use CO2 and Diode lasers, usually with under 300W of output power.
• High Speed Sintering (HSS) – This is a newer technology and is used primarily for plastics. This technique is 10 – 100 times faster than SLS and can manufacture many tens of thousands of units per day. At the time of this writing, metals are not yet there, but time may change that.
The good news is that the LAM market is set to really ramp up and could spike in the next couple of years. Therefore, it is a great time to investigate LAM (and thereby the LAM® Conference) to get in on the “ground floor” of the technology. While this conference has been around for 10 years, this year the venue has moved to Schaumburg, IL, for the first time and is co-located with the Lasers in Manufacturing Event® (LME®) with overlap on Wednesday, March 28th. The conference takes place at the Schaumburg Convention Center on March 27–28, 2018.
Why attend LAM?
•Interact with laser industry experts – the Program chairs in particular are a very recognizable and highly
respected group.
• Find out if Laser Additive Manufacturing can help with your manufacturing problems.
• Network not only with the exhibitors but other attendees as well.
• As part of the registration fee for LAM, entry to the LME show is also included! Take advantage of both events and all of the associated benefits.
• Find a job in the photonics industry – or find laser experts to bring onto your team if you are thinking about ramping up laser processing.
• Increase the bottom line by increasing profits! In a manufacturing world this is what it is all about.
Program/Agenda
The LAM chairs will return to build on its successful program from last year. Milan Brandt of RMIT University will continue as the General Chair, with John Hunter of LPW Technology, Inc. and Minlin Zhong of Tsinghua University serving as Conference Co-chairs.
Day One
A representative from America Makes will give the first keynote address of the conference, titled “Smart Collaboration: A Public-Private Approach to Advancing the Additive Manufacturing Industry.” America Makes strives in additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing (3DP) technology research, discovery, creation, and innovation to increase global manufacturing competitiveness.
Other presentations range in topics from laser cladding to laser welding. Prabu Balu of Coherent, Inc. will discuss recent advances in laser cladding. Balu is the senior application engineer at Coherent. His talk will provide a set of guidelines to successfully deposit highly reflective materials using powder-based laser cladding (LC), high deposition rate (up to 10 kg/hr) with minimal dilution (as low as 1%) using hot-wire based LC and thin coating thicknesses (varying from 25 µm to 500 µm) using ultra-high-speed LC process.
Paree Allu of Flow Science will give a presentation on “Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modelling for Additive Manufacturing and Laser Welding.” Allu is a computational fluid dynamics engineer at Flow Science. Allu will explain how CFD modelling can help with the widespread use of AM technologies by providing a framework to better understand AM processes from the particle and melt pool scales.
Day One will wrap up with presentations on Process Monitoring, featuring John Lehman from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and his talk on Laser-based Manufacturing; Novel Developments in Process Monitoring at NIST. Lehman is the leader of the Sources and Detectors research group at NIST and a fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. The research group provides laser power and energy meter calibrations to the U.S. and much of the world.
Day Two
Keynote speaker Ehsan Toyserkani from the University of Waterloo will kick off Day Two with an overview of Canada’s additive manufacturing initiatives. Toyserkani is the founder of and research director for the MSAM lab at the University of Waterloo, the university research chair for additive manufacturing, and a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. His presentation will cover the challenges and opportunities related to a research program on novel in- and off-line quality monitoring of selective laser melting along with assurance protocols.
The following session will feature Warwick Downing of Rapid Advanced Manufacturing Limited and his thoughts on how to grow the metal additive manufacturing industry. Downing is the chief executive of Rapid Advanced Manufacturing. He established Rapid Advanced Manufacturing Ltd (RAM3D) in 2013 with a group of like-minded shareholders to grow the commercial opportunities created by the growth of the metal 3D printing sector.
In the final session of the conference, Mohsen Seifi from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International will discuss the standardization of additive manufacturing. Seifi is the director of Global Additive Manufacturing programs at ASTM International. Previously, he was a doctoral researcher in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Case Western Reserve University.
After the final session, there will be a reception on the show floor in conjunction with LME starting at 4 pm. Since LAM attendees are welcome to fully participate in LME, there are also many more talks, tutorials and classes available. Please see the information on LME for details. LIA will provide attendees with an enhanced experience by co-locating LAM and LME.
Sponsors
The premier LAM conference sponsor is Alabama Laser. Alabama Laser has been involved in laser materials processing for many years and is one of the pioneers of LAM in the U.S. Alabama Laser provides a range of advanced laser services, such as cladding, welding and heat treating, as well as process development, laser research, and custom laser systems. Working in conjunction with their affiliate company, Alabama Laser Technologies, they are also able to offer customers additional services such as laser cutting, punching, forming, welding, and precision machining services.
The other generous sponsors of LAM are Trumpf, LPW and Laserline. Trumpf is a German manufacturing company with not only a large laser division, but an even larger traditional machine tool presence, and they are making a big push for LAM as part of their strategic future planning. LPW Technology Inc. is a metal powder manufacturer that aims to improve additive manufacturing. Its quality powders are compatible with all additive manufacturing systems. The company also offers a PowderLife lifecycle management program for quality assurance. Safe-handling, storage, measurement, and testing solutions are available to ensure proper powder usage. Laserline is a company delivering high power diode lasers. Laserline is a longtime LIA supporter and has been in the LAM industry for many years. Laserline offers industry-appropriate laser solutions for laser materials processing – from beam generation to the work piece.
In addition to their sponsorship, all of the above companies are also exhibitors and will have experts at both LAM and LME ready to answer any technical or budget-related questions that may arise.
Registration is now open! For more information and to register, visit www.lia.org/lam.
Ron D. Schaeffer is a technical consultant to PhotoMachining.
